In the event of a pipeline incident, the office conducts investigations to ensure the pipeline operator followed proper procedures, maintained regulatory compliance, and takes steps to prevent future recurrence. OPS has the authority to issue civil penalties for violations of Minnesota pipeline laws.

Since 1991, OPS is a Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) interstate agent. This status gives OPS the ability to investigate incidents or accidents on over 10,000 interstate pipeline miles operating in Minnesota. PHMSA retains the authority to enforce compliance actions, even though OPS is responsible for the investigations.